diff --git a/chapter_1/1_3_2_6.png b/chapter_1/1_3_2_6.png index c56eded..d9ee719 100644 Binary files a/chapter_1/1_3_2_6.png and b/chapter_1/1_3_2_6.png differ diff --git a/chapter_1/examples.md b/chapter_1/examples.md index f85c3c5..0be1e02 100644 --- a/chapter_1/examples.md +++ b/chapter_1/examples.md @@ -715,3 +715,130 @@ Does $f = g$? Yes. Because the absolute value of any real number equals the square root of its square, $|x| = \sqrt{x^2}$ for all $x \in \mathbb{R}$. Hence $f = g$. + +--- + +**Example 1.4.1 Terminology** + +Consider the following graph: + +![image 1_3_2_6](./1_3_2_6.png) + +a. Write the vertex set and edge set, and give a table showing the edge-endpoint +function. + +b. Find all edges that are incident on $v_1$, all vertices that are adjacent to +$v_1$, all edges that are adjacent to $e_1$, all loops, all parallel edges, all +vertices that are adjacent to themselves, and all isolated vertices. + +**Solution** + +a. + +$$ \text{vertex set } = \{v_1, v_2, v_3, v_4, v_5, v_6\} $$ + +$$ \text{edge set } = \{e_1, e_2, e_3, e_4, e_5, e_6, e_7\} $$ + +| Edge | Endpoints | +| ----- | -------------- | +| $e_1$ | $\{v_1, v_2\}$ | +| $e_2$ | $\{v_1, v_3\}$ | +| $e_3$ | $\{v_1, v_3\}$ | +| $e_4$ | $\{v_2, v_3\}$ | +| $e_5$ | $\{v_5, v_6\}$ | +| $e_6$ | $\{v_5\}$ | +| $e_7$ | $\{v_6\}$ | + +b. + +$e_1$, $e_2$, and $e_3$ are incident on $v_1$. + +$v_1$ and $v_3$ are adjacent to $v_1$. + +$e_2$, $e_3$, and $e_4$ are adjacent to $e_1$. + +$e_6$ and $e_7$ are loops. + +$e_2$ and $e_3$ are parallel. + +$v_5$ and $v_6$ are adjacent to themselves. + +$v_4$ is an isolated vertex. + +--- + +**Example 1.4.2 Drawing More Than One Picture for a Graph**$adjacent + +Page 49 + +Consider the graph specified as follows: + +$$ \text{vertex set } = \{v_1, v_2, v_3, v_4\} $$ + +$$ \text{edge set } = \{e_1, e_2, e_3, e_4\} $$ + +edge-endpoint function: + +| Edge | Endpoints | +| ----- | -------------- | +| $e_1$ | $\{v_1, v_3\}$ | +| $e_2$ | $\{v_2, v_4\}$ | +| $e_3$ | $\{v_2, v_4\}$ | +| $e_4$ | $\{v_3\}$ | + +Both drawings (a) and (b) shown below are pictorial representations of this +graph (see Page 50). + +--- + +**Example 1.4.3 Labeling Drawings to Show They Represent the Same Graph** + +Page 50 + +Consider the two drawings shown in Figure 1.4.1. Label vertices and edges in +such a way that both drawings represent the same graph. + +(see page 50) + +**Solution** + +Imagine putting one end of a piece of string at the top vertex of Figure +1.4.1(a) (call this vertex $v_1$), then laying the string to the next adjacent +vertex on the lower right (call this vertex $v_2$), then laying it to the next +adjacent vertex on the upper left ($v_3$), and so forth, returning finally to +the top vertex $v_1$. Call the first edge $e_1$, the second edge $e_2$, and so +forth, as shown below. + +(see page 50) + +Now imagine picking up the piece of string, together with its labels, and +repositioning it as follows: + +(see page 50) + +This is the same as Figure 1.4.1(b), so both drawings represent the graph with +vertex set $\{v_1, v_2, v_3, v_4, v_5\}$, edge set +$\{e_1, e_2, e_3, e_4, e_5\}$, and edge-endpoint function as follows: + +| Edge | Endpoints | +| ----- | -------------- | +| $e_1$ | $\{v_1, v_2\}$ | +| $e_2$ | $\{v_2, v_3\}$ | +| $e_3$ | $\{v_3, v_4\}$ | +| $e_4$ | $\{v_4, v_5\}$ | +| $e_5$ | $\{v_5, v_1\}$ | + +--- + +**Example 1.4.4 Using a Graph to Represent a Network** + +Page 51 + +Telephone, electric power, gas pipeline, and air transport systems can all be +represented by graphs, as can computer networks - from small local area networks +to the global Internet system that connects millions of computers worldwide. +Questions that arise in the design of such systems involve choosing connecting +edges to minimize cost, optimize a certain type of service, and so forth. A +typical network, called a _hub-ad-spoke model_, is shown below. + +(see page 51) diff --git a/chapter_1/notes.md b/chapter_1/notes.md index 54029e8..328e350 100644 --- a/chapter_1/notes.md +++ b/chapter_1/notes.md @@ -195,3 +195,46 @@ Page 42 If $A$ and $B$ are sets and $F$ is a function from $A$ to $B$, then given any element $x$ in $A$, the unique element in $B$ that is related to $x$ by $F$ is denoted $F(x)$, which is read **"$F$ of $x$."** + +--- + +Page 48 + +**Definition** + +A **graph** $G$ consists of two finite sets: a nonempty set $V(G)$ of +**vertices** and a set $E(G)$ of **edges**, where each edge is associated with a +set consisting of either one or two vertices called its **endpoints**. The +correspondence from edges to endpoints is called the **edge-endpoint function**. + +An edge with just one endpoint is called a **loop**, and two or more distinct +edges with the same set of endpoints are said to be **parallel**. An edge is +said to **connect** its endpoints; two vertices that are connected by an edge +are called **adjacent**; and a vertex that is an endpoint of a loop is said to +be **adjacent to itself**. + +An edge is said to be **incident on** each of its endpoints, and two edges +incident on the same endpoint are called **adjacent**. A vertex on which no +edges are incident is called **isolated**. + +--- + +Page 52 + +**Definition** + +A **directed graph**, or **digraph**, consists of two finite sets: a nonempty +set $V(G)$ of vertices and a set $D(G)$ of directed edges, where each is +associated with an ordered pair of vertices called its **endpoints**. If edge +$e$ is associated with the pair $(v, w)$ of vertices, then $e$ is said to be the +**(directed) edge** from $v$ to $w$. + +--- + +Page 54 + +**Definition** + +Let $G$ be a graph and $v$ a vertex of $G$. The **degree of $v$**, denoted +**$deg(v)$**, equals the number of edges that are incident on $v$, with an edge +that is a loop counted twice. diff --git a/chapter_1/test_yourself.md b/chapter_1/test_yourself.md index 70fe649..b044fbd 100644 --- a/chapter_1/test_yourself.md +++ b/chapter_1/test_yourself.md @@ -117,3 +117,65 @@ $(x, y) \in F$ and $(x, z) \in F$; $y = z$ **Solution** a unique element of $B$ that is related to $x$ by $F$. + +--- + +**Test Yourself** + +Page 57 + +1. A graph consists of two finite sets: _______ and _______, where each edge is + associated with a set consisting of _______. + +**Solution** + +a finite; nonempty set of vertices; a finite set of edges. + +2. A loop in a graph is _______. + +**Solution** + +An edge that has a single endpoint. + +3. Two distinct edges in a graph are parallel if, and only if, _______. + +**Solution** + +They share the same set of endpoints. + +4. Two vertices are called adjacent if, and only if, _______. + +**Solution** + +They are connected by an edge. + +5. An edge is incident on _______. + +**Solution** + +Each of its endpoints. + +6. Two edges incident on the same endpoint are _______. + +**Solution** + +adjacent + +7. Two edges incident on the same endpoint are _______. + +**Solution** + +isolated + +8. In a directed graph, each edge is associated with _______. + +**Solution** + +an ordered pair of vertices called its endpoints + +9. The degree of a vertex in a graph is _______. + +**Solution** + +the number of edges that are incident on the vertex, with an edge that is a loop +counted twice.